One hundred fifty-five years have lapsed since one of the most infamous chapters in the annals of Colorado, the November 29, 1864 Sand Creek Massacre. While the Civil War was raging in the East, in the West conflicts with Native Americans defending their homeland from intruders had increased in frequency and severity. When territorial Governor Evans formed a temporary 100 day militia in August 1864 to deal with the “Indian Problem,” he invested Colonel John Chivington with its command. Hero of the Battle at Glorieta Pass, New Mexico, in 1862, his forces had helped prevent an army of Texas Confederates from taking over the Colorado gold fields.
Einhundertfünfundfünzig Jahre sind seit einem der schändlichsten Kapitel in Colorados Annalen vergangen: dem Sand Creek Massaker des 29. November 1864. Während im Osten des Landes der Bürgerkrieg tobte, standen im Westen Konflikte mit Indianern, die ihre Heimat vor den Eindringlingen zu verteidigen suchten, im Vordergrund, und nahmen an Häufig- und Ernsthaftigkeit zu. Im August 1864 gründete Gouverneur Evans eine Miliz, die einhundert Tage lang im Einsatz sein sollte, um das „Indianerproblem“ zu lösen. Er setzte Colonel John Chivington als Kommandant ein. Dieser war seit der Schlacht bei Glorieta Pass in Neu Mexiko im Jahre 1862 ein Kriegsheld. Damals hatte sein Kommando eine Armee Konföderierter aus Texas davon abgehalten, nach Colorado vorzustoßen, und die dortigen Goldfelder in Besitz zu nehmen.
Evans and Chivington, both Methodists – the latter an ordained minister before his military career – did not conceal their hostile views of Native Americans, which reflected the attitude of most settlers. They conspired to attack an encampment of Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek, about 40 miles north of Fort Lyon in southeastern Colorado, choosing to disregard that leaders of this group had sought out the Governor in Denver to express their peaceful intentions, as well as his own earlier proclamation to the “friendly Indians on the plains” to go to designated “places of safety.” Evans wanted to placate Coloradans who were demanding forceful actions against worsening attacks by marauding Indian bands. He was determined to use his volunteers before their term of service expired, even if he had to overlook that this gathering of Indians at Sand Creek was nonviolent.
Evans und Chivington, die beide der methodistischen Kirche angehörten (letzterer war vor seiner militärischen Karriere sogar ein ordinierter Geistlicher), machten aus ihrer feindlichen Gesinnung den Indianern gegenüber kein Geheimnis. Sie planten einen Angriff auf ein Lager von Southern Cheyenne und Arapahoe entlang des Flusses “Sand Creek” im Südosten Colorados, etwa 65 Kilometer nördlich von Fort Lyon gelegen. Dabei ignorierten sie die Versprechen des Staates, friedfertigen Indianern sichere Orte zuzusichern, ebenso wie die Tatsache, daß deren Führer kurz zuvor nach Denver gereist waren, um dem Gouverneur ihre friedlichen Absichten zu beteuern. Evans wollte Siedler beschwichtigen, die unter Indianerangriffen litten und Taten forderten. Er war entschlossen, von den Freiwilligen vor Ablauf der Wehrpflicht Gebrauch zu machen, auch wenn er dadurch geflissentlich übersah, daß die Ansammlung der Indianer am Sand Creek nicht gewalttätig war.

Colorado Territory Governor Evan’s blatant proclamation about how to deal with American Indians who were in the way of “progress”
Chivington marched the volunteers of the 3rd Colorado Regiment from Denver to Fort Lyon, where he arrived on the evening of November 28. He immediately imposed a lockdown, thereby preventing any potential sympathizer from warning the Native bands. Under cover of night, he led nearly 700 men, his contingent reinforced by troops from Fort Lyon, to Sand Creek, where the American flag was flying above the camp. As the army advanced in the early morning hours of November 29, Chief Black Kettle, one of the recent delegates to Denver, hoisted a white flag. Since most of the warriors were away hunting for food, the majority of the remaining 600 to 700 villagers were elderly men, women and children. Nevertheless, the soldiers attacked, supported by field Howitzers. At least 150 Native Americans were murdered and a similar number injured, while the rest managed to flee, having to leave all their possessions behind, with winter looming.
Chivington und sein 3. Colorado Regiment marschierten von Denver nach Fort Lyon, wo sie am Abend des 28. November ankamen. Er verhängte sogleich eine Ausgangssperre, um etwaige Sympathisanten daran zu hindern, die Indianer zu warnen. Im Schutze der Dunkelheit führte er etwa 700 Soldaten (sein Regiment mit Verstärkung aus Fort Lyon) Richtung Sand Creek. Dort wehte die amerikanische Flagge über dem Lager. Als sich die Armee näherte, hißte Häuptling Black Kettle, einer der vorherigen Delegierten nach Denver, eine weiße Fahne. Da die meisten Krieger auf der Jagd waren, hielten sich zu dieser Zeit im Lager geschätzte 600 bis 700 Menschen auf–überwiegend ältere Männer, Frauen und Kinder. Trotzdem griffen die Soldaten, unterstützt von Kanonen, im Morgengrauen an. Mindestens 150 Indianer starben, und ähnlich viele wurden verletzt. Den restlichen Bewohnern gelang die Flucht, doch mußten sie alle Besitztümer zurücklassen, obwohl ein langer Winter bevorstand.

Location of the Southern Cheyenne and Arapahoe encampment

Sand Creek provided vital water for the inhabitants of the camp
The casualties would certainly have been higher had two officers, Captain Silas Soule and Lieutenant Joseph Cramer from Fort Lyon not refused to fight people who had been assured safety at their Sand Creek site by the US Army. Thanks to their eyewitness accounts, the extent of the bloodshed and the subsequent mutilation of the victims became common knowledge. The public display of body parts of the so-called “savages” paraded in Denver once the “victorious” brigade returned corroborated their descriptions. Soule and Cramer testified in the subsequent government investigation and by doing so, risked not only their military careers, but also their lives. Captain Soule was, in fact, shot in Denver several months later in what was generally acknowledged to be retribution for his courageous moral stance. His murderer(s) was never brought to justice. Evans and Chivington, even though they stepped down from their respective posts and were reprimanded by Congress, never suffered legal consequences, and were considered heroes in the eyes of many throughout their lives.
Die Zahl der Opfer wäre sicherlich höher ausgefallen, hätten sich zwei Offiziere von Fort Lyon, Captain Silas Soule und Lieutenant Joseph Cramer, nicht geweigert, Menschen, denen an diesem Ort der Schutz der US Armee zugesichert worden war, zu bekämpfen. Dank ihrer Augenzeugenberichte wurde das Ausmaß des Blutvergießens und der nachfolgenden Verstümmelungen der Opfer bekannt. Die öffentliche Zurschaustellung der Körperteile der sogenannte „Wilden“ während eines Triumphzugs in Denver nach der Rückkehr der „siegreichen“ Brigade bestätigte deren Beschreibungen. Soule und Cramer sagten in der nachfolgenden Untersuchung einer Regierungskommission aus, und riskierten damit nicht nur ihre Karriere sondern auch ihr Leben. In der Tat wurde Soules nur einige Monate später in Denver auf offener Straße erschossen, ein klarer Vergeltungsakt. Sein(e) Mörder wurde(n) nie bestraft. Evans und Chivington traten zwar von ihren jeweiligen Posten zurück und wurden vom amerikanischen Kongress ermahnt, doch wurden sie nie bestraft. Viele Bewohner Colorados sahen sie lebenslang als Helden an.
To defenders of this massacre, who point out that the perpetrators were children of their age and merely represented the existing worldview, I reply that many contemporaries condemned the crimes committed, Captain Soule and Lieutenant Cramer first among them. In Colorado Springs, writer Helen Hunt Jackson, profoundly affected by the speech of Ponca Chief, Standing Bear, became an activist speaking out for America’s Indigenous peoples. She called a spade a spade, and publicly criticized the mistreatment of North America’s native inhabitants. In contrast to Evans and Chivington, these three are individuals I can look up to.
Denjenigen, die die Schuldigen verteidigen und behaupten, sie seien Kinder ihrer Zeit gewesen und hätten nur die gängige Weltanschauung vertreten, entgegne ich, daß viele Zeitgenossen die begangenen Verbrechen verdammten. Captain Soule und Lieutenant Camer waren dafür leuchtende Beispiele. In Colorado Springs setzte sich die Schriftstellerin Helen Hunt Jackson für die Belange der Indianer ein, nachdem sie eine Rede des Häuptlings Standing Bear zutiefst rührte. Sie nannte die Dinge beim Namen und kritisierte öffentlich die an unzähligen Indianerstämmen begangenen Missetaten. Im Gegensatz zu Evans und Chivington sind diese drei Personen Menschen, die ich bewundern kann.

Monument at what became Sand Creek National Historic Site in 2007
This place of infamy was dedicated as Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site in 2007. Since 1999, descendants of the survivors of Sand Creek honor Captain Soule and Lieutenant Cramer with their annual 180 mile Spiritual Healing Run in late November, from Sand Creek to Captain Soule’s grave at Riverside Cemetery in Denver.
Diese schmachvolle Stätte wurde 2007 zum geschichtlich bedeutsamen Ort (Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site) erklärt. Seit dem Jahr 1999 nehmen die Nachfahren der Überlebenden des Massakers alljährlich an einem 290 Kilometer langen Lauf Ende November teil, der der spirituellen Heilung gewidmet ist (Spiritual Healing Run), und der von Sand Creek zu Captain Soules Grab im Riverside Friedhof in Denver führt.
This is my first re-post ever. Originally published on November 29, 2017, I have made a few modifications to the original post.
Dies ist bisher mein einziger Blogbeitrag, den ich zum zweiten Mal veröffentliche, mit einigen Veränderungen. Der erste erschien am 29. November 2017.
Thanks for sharing this terrible and tragic story. The wickedness of this attack is beyond belief and to read it is heart-rending.
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Thank you, Liz. It is so sad.
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What a devastating story. I’m glad there were people with backbones to save innocent lives.
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It is devastating, Nirmala, and only one example in a long line of similar encounters. Most people simply looked in the other direction and thought it was acceptable to kill the Indians to make room for the newcomers.
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Real good essay, Tanja. I hadn’t known anything about this.
I wanted to mention something unrelated. Are you familiar with “A Ladys Life In The Rocky Mountains”? It’s a fascinating book by Isabella Bird. It came out in 1879. I think it’s still in print.
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Thank you, Neil. This particular episode is probably better know regionally, but there were several similar sad incidents throughout the West in the 1860s and ’70s.
As far as Isabella Bird, I read the book a number of years back-a fascinating glimpse into the early days of Colorado. It might be time to refresh my memory. Thank you for mentioning her.
Best,
Tanja
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This is such a tragic story, Tanja, but a story that needs to be told.
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I agree, Antje. Thanks for your comment.
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Thank you for this look into a forgotten piece of history and for the reminder to be grateful for all those in the past and present who speak up for the voiceless and powerless.
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Thank you for reading and for commenting. I often wonder if I would have spoken up, or followed the way of least resistance of the majority! And whether or not I speak up enough in this day and age.
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I ask myself the same question.
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A fascinating post about an inexcusable piece of history.
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I appreciate your comment, Cathy. I wish we would take the lesson and apply it to other, present-day situations.
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Learning from history is something very few seem capable of unfortunately.
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These stories make me wonder what is needed to stop people from being full of hatred and hypocrisy. I remember reading a book about the way the first European settlers treates the Indians. Giving them blankets in winter time knowing that these were infected with diseases the Indians couldn‘t cope with. And a couple of weeks later complete villages were dead without a single gun shot….
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Thank you for your comment, Anna.
History is replete with similarly horrendous examples. I can only explain it with selfishness, greed, and, in some instances, evil. Somehow we carry all those traits within our so-called humanity. It is very depressing.
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[…] Tanja Britton erinnert an das Sand Creek Massaker von 1864. […]
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It’s against the law to re-post!
Just kidding. 🙂😊
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My apologies for making you read something twice, Neil. I appreciate you taking the time to leave me a comment all the more! 🙂
I wish you and Sandy a wonderful Thanksgiving.
Warmly,
Tanja
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A terrible chapter of history that is very hard to read but also very important to write about. I had never heard the part about Soule and Cramer. I’m glad at least a handful spoke up for what was right. I wish there were more like them in the past and today.
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Thank you, M.B. I agree-it’s very important not to sweep memories like these under the rug of oblivion. Somehow, I still hold onto the hope that we will learn from past mistakes, and do better in the present and future.
I often wonder if I would stand up and speak out against a wrong committed before my eyes. I can only hope so.
Best wishes,
Tanja
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Es war schon verheerend, wie die Indianer damals behandelt worden sind.
Leider bestehen auch heute immer noch Vorurteile gegen sie und ich bin der Meinung, dass sie sich nie von all den Graeueltaten und dem Unrecht, dass ihnen angetan worden ist, erholt haben.
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Ich teile Deine Meinung, liebe Christa. Viele der heutigen Probleme sind auf den Verlust ihres Lebensstils, ihrer Kultur und ihrer Sprache zurückzuführen, und leider gibt es noch immer viele Menschen, die überzeugt davon sind, daß die “Eroberung” durch die Europäer von Gott gewollt war, und daß die euroäischen Werte und Kulturen allen anderen in der Welt überlegen sind. Ich finde das alles unglaublich deprimierend.
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Mein “gefaellt mir” steht dafuer, dass ich deine Antwort gelesen habe!
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Das kann ich nachvollziehen!
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A very sobering piece, Tanja. This was an atrocity that I was only vaguely aware of, so you have filled a gap in my knowledge, although part of me wishes I could “un-know” it again. Your assessment in the paragraph that begins “To defenders of this massacre … ” is spot-on.
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Thank you for your comment. Very sobering-yes! And saddening, as people throughout history have found excuses and pretexts to get what they wanted.
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Hello Tanja.
I love history and your post is awesome lesson of history! Thank you sharing it.
Have a good day!
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Thank you for your interest and comment.
Best wishes to Finland from Colorado,
Tanja
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